A validity quadrant for any cost-per-outcome claim. Reach is the gate onto the grid at the origin — until the outcome is measured at all, you are not on the grid. Pass it and you land at the bottom-left, then climb right along same-scope (the Spend Trap: do spend and outcomes carry the same keys) and up along warrant (the Valid Dollar: does the evidence earn a causal verb). Four cells: noise, an honest correlation, a warranted-but-mis-costed claim, and a defensible impact-per-dollar.
Referenced in